Arabidopsis pollen germination. However, the molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear.

Arabidopsis pollen germination. Although insights into the regulation of pollen germination and gamete interaction have advanced Modifying homogalacturonans in the intine cell wall during maturation of the pollen grain is central for proper germination. Dec 29, 2009 · In this study, we observed precocious pollen germination in two different Arabidopsis lines with genetic alternations in callose synthases. In Arabidopsis, once a May 22, 2024 · Screening in Escherichia coli and biochemical experiments show that in Arabidopsis thaliana, OSCA2. Despite much effort, a robust protocol for in vitro germination of Arabidopsis thaliana pollen has been elusive. Arabidopsis pollen being tricellular has a notoriously low in vitro germination compared to species with bicellular pollen. The number of pollen grains examined was over 400 Oct 16, 2024 · Download Citation | Phosphorylation of ADF7‐Mediated by AGC1. 388 We confirmed the presence of GEF8, GEF9, GEF11, and GEF12 using translational fusion 389 lines but not GEF13 (Figure 1 and Because other atatg mutants are fertile, AtAtg6 likely mediates pollen germination in a manner independent of autophagy. Oct 23, 2015 · Here, we identify and characterize MscS-like 8 (MSL8), a pollen-specific, membrane tension–gated ion channel required for pollen to survive the hypoosmotic shock of rehydration and for full male fertility. Expansion of the growing pollen tube exclusively occurs at the extreme apex. In Arabidopsis, once a Feb 10, 2017 · Pollen germination as a crucial process in plant development strongly depends on the accessibility of carbon as energy source. Aug 1, 2001 · Using agar‐containing media, in vitro methods for Arabidopsis pollen germination have been successfully established for the first time. Aug 30, 2007 · Despite much effort, a robust protocol for in vitro germination of Arabidopsis thaliana pollen has been elusive. The pollen germination percen … Pollen tubes are among the fastest tip-growing plant cells and represent an excellent experimental system for studying the dynamics and spatiotemporal control of polarized cell growth. make use of transgenic pollen with immobilized Oct 16, 2024 · Xu et al. Jun 3, 2021 · Taken together, our data suggest a role for FLA14 in pollen development and preventing premature pollen germination inside the anthers under high relative humidity in Arabidopsis. Apr 22, 2021 · Arabidopsis pollen contains a vegetative nucleus and two sperm cells that move to the apical region during pollen tube growth. Pollen, a highly specialized haploid male gametophyte, transports sperm cells through a pollen tube to the female ovule for fertilization, directly determining grain yield in cereal crops. , 2008), to enable comparisons. Here the authors show that PGSL1, an Arabidopsis heat-stable actin binding protein stabilizes actin Sep 5, 2008 · Using Affymetrix Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ATH1 Genome Arrays, this study is, to our knowledge, the first to show the changes in the transcriptome from desiccated mature pollen grains to hydrated pollen grains and then to pollen tubes of Arabidopsis. This drawback strongly affects the reproducibility of experiments based on Apr 17, 2025 · The actin cytoskeleton plays crucial roles in pollen development, germination, and tube growth. We characterized three of four Arabidopsis thaliana PLA (2) paralogs (PLA (2)-β, -γ, and -δ) and found that they (1) are expressed during pollen development, (2) localize to the endoplasmic reticulum and/or Golgi, and (3) play critical roles in pollen development and germination and tube growth. A combination of functional genomics, gene expression, in vivo and in vitro pollen germination, immunolabeling, and biochemical analyses was used on wild-type and Atpme48 mutant plants. Successful pollen germination requires precise material exchange and signal transduction between the pollen grain and the stigma. We also examined different growth and medium conditions that might induce precocious pollen germination in wild-type Arabidopsis plants. In yeast, Vps15p is required for the membrane targeting and activity of Vps34. This drawback strongly affects the reproducibility of experiments based on this . AtSUC1-green fluorescent protein was localized to the plasma membrane in pollen tubes Jul 16, 2011 · Arabidopsis thaliana phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (AtVPS34) functions in the development and germination of pollen by catalyzing the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P). Recent cytological and mutant analysis of pollen germination process in Arabidopsis and rice has expanded our understanding of this biological process. These authors show polarization of specific ROPGEFs and identify special roles for ROPGEF8 and ROPGEF9 in pollen germination. However, the molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. Dec 7, 2015 · Abstract Arabidopsis synaptotagmin 2 (SYT2) has been reported to participate in an unconventional secretory pathway in somatic cells. Here we describe easy, reproducible methods for germination and growth of pollen from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana in artificial conditions. Abstract Germination of pollen grains is a crucial step in plant reproduction. Nov 28, 2023 · Ruan et al. Arabidopsis cellulose synthase-like D genes (CSLD1 and CSLD4) are involved in cellulose deposition at pollen germination sites and both are highly expressed in mature pollen grains and pollen tubes. Abstract One of the rare weak points of the model plant Arabidopsis is the technical problem associated with the germination of its male gametophyte and the generation of the pollen tube in vitro. In vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth tests with Arabidopsis thaliana pollen for RNA extraction and growth analyses were done as described (Rodriguez-Enriquez et al. Procedure works well for all ecotypes including Landsberg erecta that normally germinates poorly in vitro. Here we report that the Arabidopsis mutant bcl1 is male sterile as a result of the Jun 10, 2015 · Convergence of actin filaments upon the germination aperture was impaired in act11 pollen, consistent with the observed delay of germination. We investigated the role of PECTIN METHYLESTERASE48 (PME48), an enzyme implicated in the remodeling of pectins in Arabidopsis The concentration alteration of cytosolic-free calcium ([Ca(2+) ]cyt ) is a well-known secondary messenger in plants and plays important roles during pollen grain germination and tube elongation. The expression of Arabidopsis thaliana VPS15 (AtVPS15), an ortholog of yeast Vps15, is mainly detected in pollen grains and Feb 21, 2022 · Galactose metabolism is tightly and finely controlled, since excess galactose and its derivatives are inhibitory to plant growth. 7 Regulates Pollen Germination in Arabidopsis thaliana | Actin depolymerizing factors (ADFs), like other actin‐binding proteins This study shows that Arabidopsis PLA 2 -γ and -δ, which are specifically expressed in pollen, localize to the endoplasmic reticulum and/or Golgi and that the suppression of PLA 2 s disrupts the endomembrane and induces pollen collapse. Jul 9, 2021 · The correct choice of in vitro pollen germination media (PGM) is crucial in basic and applied pollen research. Here we describe easy, reproducible methods for germination and growth of pollen from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana in artificial conditions. demonstrate that AtFH5-labeled secretory vesicle accumulation correlates with [Ca2+]cyt oscillations at pollen germination sites. The elevation of [Ca2+]cyt, in turn, promotes the exocytosis of secretory vesicles, facilitating pollen grain bulges in a stepwise manner. Here we show that controlled temperatures, a largely disregarded factor in previous st Feb 21, 2022 · Hexose transporter SWEET5, as well as galactokinase GALK, contributes to galactose inhibition of in vitro pollen germination of Arabidopsis thaliana, likel Aug 20, 2018 · Studies of pollen germination and post-germination development are not only essential for understanding plant reproduction but also are an excellent model system for tip-based growth. Here we demonstrate that CML25, a member of calmodulin-like proteins, has Ca(2+) -binding activity and p … Despite numerous advantages of Arabidopsis thaliana as a model plant, such experiments on pollen germination and pollen tube growth have often proved challeng-ing. Our growth system can be used both for pollen placed directly on this artificial substrate as well as for the so-called ‘semi in vivo ’ method. In a comprehensive study, we analyzed various aspects of the impact of 32 different sugars on in vitro germination of Arabidopsis pollen comprising about Jan 11, 2017 · Pollen germination is a very important event among a series of pollination processes by which pollen tube delivers the sperm cells into the ovule to complete fertilization. However, the Jan 11, 2024 · These GEFs have distinct 386 functions during pollen germination, which are conferred, in parts, by their C-terminal domain. May 3, 2022 · In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), root growth and pollen germination are strongly inhibited by excess galactose. Here, Motomura et al. Abstract Previous studies have shown that ARID-HMG DNA binding protein, AtHMGB15 regulate pollen development and pollen germination in Arabidopsis. Aug 20, 2018 · Studies of pollen germination and post-germination development are not only essential for understanding plant reproduction but also are an excellent model system for tip-based growth. Oct 17, 2007 · Summary • The role of heterotrimeric G proteins in pollen germination and tube growth was investigated using Arabidopsis thaliana plants in which the gene (GPA) encoding the G-protein a subunit (Ga The pollen grains of sweet5 and galk mutants are tolerant to galactose inhibition during pollen germination in vitro, suggesting that SWEET5 and GALK play a critical role in the sensitivity of pollen germination to galactose in Arabidopsis. Through these activities, FIM5 regulates pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Apr 1, 2017 · Pollen germination as a crucial process in plant development strongly depends on the accessibility of carbon as energy source. Aug 19, 2003 · To investigate the role of CaM-binding proteins in pollen germination and tube growth, we identified three genes (At2g43040, At1g27460, and At4g28600) in the recently completed Arabidopsis genome sequence that are closely related to a gene encoding pollen-specific maize CaM-binding protein (34). Oct 11, 2019 · Understanding the molecular basis of pollen germination in cereals holds great potential to improve yield. In a comprehensive study, we analyzed various aspects of th … Jul 31, 2014 · However, investigating pollen tube tip growth in the model plant Arabidopsis remains difficult because in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth rates are highly variable and largely different from those observed in pistils, most likely due to growth-promoting properties of the female reproductive tract. Hence, the accumulation of excess NAD+ is not essential for pollen germination, but instead participates in regulating the timing of germination onset. 50,51 Thus, during pollen germination, ATG6 may be involved in non-autoph-agic vesicular trafficking or in an autophagic process. However, little is Aug 7, 2024 · Lateral organ boundaries domain 10 (lbd10) mutant exhibits defects in pollen tube morphology during in vitro pollen tube growth assays in Arabidopsis. Nov 22, 2012 · Here, we describe a new method that allows an unprecedented level of germination from A. Methods The in vivo pollen germination, pollen tube growth, longevity and competitive ability to sire seeds were compared among pollen grains of Arabidopsis thaliana with different aperture numbers. Carbohydrates, however, function not only as a primary energy source, but also as important signaling components. In a comprehensive study, we analyzed various aspects of the impact of 32 different sugars on in vitro germination of Arabidopsis pollen comprising about Aug 31, 2023 · Here, by genomic editing of all 4 Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ROPs that are preferentially expressed in pollen, we showed that ROPs are essential for polarity establishment during pollen germination. Abstract The phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2) superfamily of lipolytic enzymes is Dec 31, 2010 · Organellar differentiation and organization in germinating pollen. Lily (A, C, E) and Arabidopsis (B, D, F) pollen grains germinated in culture medium for 60 min were fixed and embedded in Spurr's Apr 21, 2015 · We performed high magnification live-cell imaging during Arabidopsis pollen activation, germination, and the establishment of pollen tube tip growth by using fluorescent marker lines labeling either the pollen cytoplasm, vesicles, the actin cytoskeleton or the sperm cell nuclei and membranes. A combination of functional genomics, gene expression, in vivo and in vitro pollen germination Feb 10, 2017 · Pollen germination as a crucial process in plant development strongly depends on the accessibility of carbon as energy source. This study uncovers a novel mechanism regulating formins and actin polymerization in plants. Observe under dissecting scope. Jun 10, 2015 · Convergence of actin filaments upon the germination aperture was impaired in act11 pollen, consistent with the observed delay of germination. Further analysis of organelle dynamics reveals crosstalk between autophagosomes and prevacuolar compartments following the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Its principal metabolic activity is the synthesis and assembly of cell wall material, which must be precisely coordinated to sustain the Nov 23, 2010 · Fimbrins are major regulators of actin dynamics and organization. Galactose is an abundant and essential sugar used for the biosynthesis of many macromolecules in different organisms, including plants. Our growth system can be used both for pollen placed directly on this artificial substrate as well as for the so-called 'semi in vivo ' method. Mar 6, 2007 · Pollen germination on the surface of compatible stigmatic tissues is an essential step for plant fertilization. May 29, 2024 · In this study, we demonstrate that Sar1b mediates pollen tube growth, in addition to its role in pollen development. We further show that membrane dynamics at the apex of pollen tubes are compromised by Sar1b loss-of-function Jan 1, 2010 · Here, we summarize current knowledge and important discoveries of genes/proteins and mechanisms essential for pollen germination, pollen tube elongation and guidance in the style that highlight new insights into the elements regulating the complex interaction between these two partners during fertilization. Oct 1, 2023 · This review focuses on the research progress on the molecular process of pollen germination and compares the similarities and differences between the two model plants, the eudicot Arabidopsis and monocot rice, and provides insights into the structural and molecular basis of pollen germination. This crosstalk between trafficking and signalling GTPases is crucial for the Aug 31, 2023 · Here, by genomic editing of all 4 Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ROPs that are preferentially expressed in pollen, we showed that ROPs are essential for polarity establishment during pollen germination. Multiple transporters and catalytic enzymes are involved in pollen intine formation. Here we show that controlled temperatures, a largely disregarded factor in previous studies, and a simple optimized medium, solidified or liquid, yielded pollen germination rates above 80% and pollen tube lengths of hundreds of microns, with both Columbia and Landsberg erecta (Ler Apr 21, 2025 · During plant fertilization, excess male gametes compete for a limited number of female gametes. After reaching the stigma of a compatible flower, quick and efficient germination … Jun 27, 2024 · In this study, we provide the first full picture of the dynamic interplay among microtubules, actin filaments, and MGU during pollen germination and tube growth. May 18, 2022 · The pollen harvesting method, in vitro germination medium, and sampling stage for hydrated pollen (45 min after germination) and germinated pollen (4 h after germination) for metabolomic analyses were identical to methods published based on transcriptome analysis of Arabidopsis pollen germination (Wang et al. May 14, 2020 · Here we report that the combined loss of AHA6, AHA8, and AHA9 in Arabidopsis thaliana delays pollen germination and causes pollen tube growth defects, leading to drastically reduced fertility. Here we show that controlled temperatures, a largely disregarded factor in previous studies, and a simple optimized medium, solidified or liquid, yielded pollen germination rates above 80 … Aug 30, 2007 · Despite much effort, a robust protocol for in vitro germination of Arabidopsis thaliana pollen has been elusive. To deliver the sperm cells to the ovule, pollen tubes have to transcend distances like a few hundred micrometers in Arabidopsis and up to 50 cm in maize [6], [9]. However, investigating pollen tube tip growth in the model plant Arabidopsis remains difficult because in vitro pol … Dec 18, 2014 · Abstract Germination of pollen grains is a crucial step in plant reproduction. The dormant male gametophyte, encapsulated in the pollen grain, consists of two sperm cells enclosed in a vegetative cell. May 1, 2021 · In this review, we summarize the developmental process of the anther, pollen and pollen wall in Arabidopsis; furthermore, we describe the research progress on the pollen wall formation pattern and its molecular mechanisms in detail. Dust pollen grains on medium (2) and allow them to germinate for 3-5 hours or overnight, at room temperature or on the bench. The focus of this study is to investigate the regulatory role of K+ influx in Arabidopsis pollen germination and pollen tube growth. , strong focus of current research on model species and cultivated plants along with the lack of general rules for developing a PGM) makes experimenting with pollen difficult. 1 and OSCA2. The pollen of syt2 T-DNA and RNA interference mutant lines exhibited reduced total germination and impeded pollen tube growth. Aug 7, 2017 · Dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton are essential for pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Jun 17, 2024 · Article Published: 17 June 2024 Overriding Mendelian inheritance in Arabidopsis with a CRISPR toxin–antidote gene drive that impairs pollen germination Yang Liu, Bingke Jiao, Jackson Champer Apr 27, 2018 · Here, we focused on two predicted Arabidopsis MCUs and studied their role in the germination and the growth of pollen tube, a tip-growing cell type highly dependent on Ca 2+ homeostasis. Although functional loss of Sar1b did not affect pollen germination, it caused a significant reduction in male transmission and pollen tube penetration of the style. Our results showed that SYT2 was expressed mainly in the pollen of Arabidopsis thaliana. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) sucrose transporter AtSUC1 (At1g71880) is highly expressed in pollen; however, its function has remained unknown. Here we show that controlled temperatures, a largely disregarded factor in previous st Jan 30, 2024 · The intine plays important roles in maintaining the morphological structure of the pollen, preventing loss of pollen contents, and facilitating pollen germination. The focus of this study is to investigate the regulatory role of K(+) influx in Arabidopsis pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Apr 21, 2025 · RHO OF PLANTS (ROPs) signaling and their activating factors ROPGEFs are essential for initiating polar growth, but which ones activate pollen germination is unknown. We propose that Arabidopsis Atg6/Vps30 functions not only in autophagy, but also plays a pivotal role in pollen germination. Fimbrins are major regulators of actin dynamics and organization. However, the mechanism of galactose-induced inhibition during pollen germination remains obscure. However, excessively high or low nutrient concentrations may inhibit pollen germination (Kelen and Demirtas, 2003). Feb 1, 2012 · Here we report that AtVPS15, a homologue of yeast VPS15p in Arabidopsis, plays an essential role in pollen germination. g. Furthermore, additional Arabidopsis homologs of yeast proteins required for vacuolar protein sorting, which is a non-autophagic trafficking pathway, are essential for pollen development. Mar 21, 2008 · Abstract The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) sucrose transporter AtSUC1 (At1g71880) is highly expressed in pollen; however, its function has remained unknown. MSL8 negatively regulates pollen germination but is required for cellular integrity during germination and tube growth. demonstrate that REN1, a Rho GTPase-activating protein, regulates apical actin polymerization through inhibiting Arabidopsis formin protein AtFH5 in pollen tubes. In yeast, Vps15p is required for the membrane targeting Nov 21, 2024 · Here the authors show autophagy is crucial for full male fertility in Arabidopsis and that impaired autophagy disrupts sperm cell biogenesis and pollen tube growth. The PLA 2 product, 18-1:LPE, was found to be required for pollen tube germination. Reduction of actin dynamics with jasplakinolide suppressed the germination and tube growth phenotypes in act11 pollen, suggesting that the underlying mechanisms involve an increase in actin dynamics. In this article, we have provided composition of one of the robust PGM. The pollen tube is a cellular protuberance formed by the pollen grain, or male gametophyte, in flowering plants. Oct 1, 2023 · Successful pollen germination requires precise material exchange and signal transduction between the pollen grain and the stigma. We investigated the role of PECTIN METHYLESTERASE48 (PME48), an enzyme implicated in the remodeling of pectins in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) pollen. Aug 1, 2001 · Download Citation | In vitro Arabidopsis pollen germination and characterization of the inward potassium currents in Arabidopsis pollen grain protoplasts | The focus of this study is to Nov 1, 2024 · For example, grape pollen achieves its highest germination ratio in a culture medium containing appropriate concentrations of glucose and magnesium sulfate in vitro. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), root growth and pollen germination are strongly inhibited by excess galactose. Jun 27, 2019 · Despite much effort, a robust protocol for in vitro germination of Arabidopsis thaliana pollen has been elusive. Polysaccharide metabolism and transport are critical for intine development. Jan 11, 2017 · Pollen germination is a very important event among a series of pollination processes by which pollen tube delivers the sperm cells into the ovule to complete fertilization. Here we report that the Arabidopsis mutant bcl1 is male sterile as a result of the failure of pollen germination. Dec 3, 2008 · One of the rare weak points of the model plant Arabidopsis is the technical problem associated with the germination of its male gametophyte and the generation of the pollen tube in vitro. Homozygous T-DNA insertion mutants of AtVPS15 could not be obtained from the progenies of self-pollinated heterozygous mutants. before tube emergence), in a species with extra-poral pollen germination, Arabidopsis thaliana. Oct 24, 2025 · Rab5 GTPases deliver RopGEF8 from endosomes to the pollen plasma membrane, establishing polarity for germination. Here, we show that suc1 mutant pollen is defective in vivo, as evidenced by segregation distortion, and also has low rates of germination in vitro. We show that the bcl1 mutant allele cannot be transmitted by male gametoph … Mar 28, 2023 · Here, by genomic editing of all 4 Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ROPs that are preferentially expressed in pollen, we showed that ROPs are essential for polarity establishment during pollen germination. (a) Analysis of the pollen germination rates in the wild-type (WT) Col-0, lbd10, and ProLBD10:LBD10:G3GFP lbd10 Arabidopsis. However, the methodological gaps (e. Galactose metabolism is tightly and finely controlled, since excess galactose and its derivatives are inhibitory to plant growth. Mar 15, 2019 · Pollen grains are more sensitive at the early stages of development (anther wall development, microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis) than pollen at later stages (pollen maturation and anther dehiscence) or during the progamic phase (pollen hydration, germination, growth and guidance of the pollen tube). thaliana pollen in vitro, followed by rapid growth of morphologically normal pollen tubes with regular callose plugs and correct localization of sperm cells. Jul 1, 2013 · Another remarkable feature of growing pollen tubes is the distance they cover. Jan 28, 2011 · We characterized three of four Arabidopsis thaliana PLA 2 paralogs (PLA 2 -β, -γ, and -Δ) and found that they (1) are expressed during pollen development, (2) localize to the endoplasmic reticulum and/or Golgi, and (3) play critical roles in pollen development and germination and tube growth. Dec 1, 2014 · Summary Pollen germination may occur via the so-called germination pores or directly through the pollen wall at the site of contact with the stigma. Pollen germination on the surface of compatible stigmatic tissues is an essential step for plant fertilization. This article reports that Arabidopsis FIMBRIN5 (FIM5) mediates actin bundling and is required for proper spatial organization of actin filaments in pollen. These results indicate that NAD+ accumulation acts to negatively regulate germination and a decrease in NAD+ plays an important role in metabolic state transition. 387 Five of the 14 GEFs are expressed in mature Arabidopsis pollen (Supplemental Figure S1). Jul 28, 2016 · JINGUBANG, a novel negative regulator of pollen germination, regulates jasmonic acid synthesis in pollen by interacting with TCP4 and controls pollen germi Nov 12, 2024 · Arabidopsis PCP-Bε knockout mutants are generated by CRISPR/Cas9, Phenotypic analyses show that the absence of AtPCP-Bε obviously impairs in vitro pollen germination, but has no influence on pollen tube growth, which demonstrates that AtPCP-Bε is a novel positive regulator of pollen germination. Arabidopsis thaliana phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (AtVPS34) functions in the development and germination of pollen by catalyzing the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P). The pollen germination percentage was nearly 75% and the average pollen tube length reached 135 μm after a 6 h incubation. Despite numerous advantages of Arabidopsis thaliana as a model plant, such experiments on pollen germination and pollen tube growth have often proved challenging. , 2013). Our new method employs a physical cellulosic membrane, overlying an agarose substrate. Downregulation of SH3P2 expression significantly disrupts Arabidopsis pollen germination and pollen tube growth. e. Here, we performed transcriptome and cytological studies to understand the role of AtHMGB15 in regulating pollen wall morphology The pollen harvesting method, in vitro germination medium, and sampling stage for hydrated pollen (45 min after germination) and germinated pollen (4 h after germination) for metabolomic analyses were identical to methods published based on transcriptome analysis of Arabidopsis pollen germination (Wang et al. Mean ± SE values were determined from three independent experiments. In this study, we addressed what processes take place during pollen hydration (i. There are a handful of Pollen Germination Media (PGM) formulated for one of the widely used model plant, Arabidopsis. Using agar-containing media, in vitro methods for Arabidopsis pollen germination have been successfully established for the first time. Recently, we demonstrated that Arabidopsis subclass III ADFs (ADF5 and ADF9) evolved F-actin-bundling function from conserved F-actin-depolymerizing function. Jun 21, 2024 · Key message ARID-HMG DNA binding protein, AtHMGB15, regulates pollen development and pollen germination in Arabidopsis. 2 function as plant sensors of hypo-osmolarity, utilize Ca2+ oscillations as second Aug 20, 2018 · Here we describe easy, reproducible methods for germination and growth of pollen from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana in artificial conditions. ACTIN-DEPOLYMERIZING FACTORs (ADFs) typically contribute to actin turnover by severing/depolymerizing actin filaments. vv3 rci9f oqx sdfn 03r opp6aq t4ep0z wlo6 iohj odhp