You are using an out of date browser. It may not display this or other websites correctly.
You should upgrade or use an alternative browser.
You should upgrade or use an alternative browser.
Medieval arabian architecture. This is evident in Andalusia.
- Medieval arabian architecture. Calligraphy, particularly Arabic calligraphy, as noted above, is a major art form and appears on almost all types of architecture and arts. Darke explains, however, that Sicily was also a “stepping stone, enabling these talented Muslim artisans to enter Europe and to work on high-level projects”. This architectural style is a testament to the rich cultural heritage of Al-Andalus and its What is known in English as a "desert castle" is known in Arabic as qaṣr (singular), quṣur being the plural. Let’s take a look at the architecture of the traditional Arabic house across some Arab countries. Aug 7, 2025 · Islamic Art and Architecture This Islamic art history series looks at art across time and across continents, with a focus on works of art that tell stories of cross-cultural exchange. It was traditionally used to catch wind and for passive cooling What was life like in the early Islamic civilisation? Learn about houses and buildings in 900AD Baghdad in this BBC Bitesize year 5/6 primary history guide. Jan 17, 2002 · Islamic architecture encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day, influencing the design and construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture and beyond. It is a myth that islamic architecture is subjected to the influence from foreign architectures. Feb 23, 2021 · Night ancient arab city in desert cartoon landscape. This isn't just about domes and mosaics. D. The protection of women is highlight important. It is the most common hall type in the medieval Islamic domestic architecture. However, unlike Christian, Buddhist, or Jewish architecture, the category of Islamic architecture encompasses a range of urban and architectural types that go far beyond the religious realm. Feb 11, 2025 · Explore the intricacies of Islamic architecture and its influence beyond the Arabian Peninsula with innovative ornamentation and engineering practices. The influence of Byzantine architecture diminishes under Charlemagne, although his Palatine Chapel is a notable exception, being influenced by Byzantine models from Ravenna and Constantinople. [9][10] Scholarly references on Islamic architecture often refer to this architectural tradition in terms such as architecture of the Islamic West or architecture of the Arabian art and architecture, the art and architecture of ancient Arabia. Find Medieval Arab stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. Muslim village with traditional market cityscape. What to Look For and Why It Matters Fatimid Origins (10th Century): The May 13, 2025 · Great civilizations and religions began in the Arabian peninsula and the region we know as the Middle East. [8] Numerous artistic techniques from the Byzantine and Islamic world were also incorporated to form the basis of Arab-Norman art: inlays in Nov 20, 2024 · Overall, the Muslim architecture in Spain is evidence of the rich cultural heritage of the Iberian Peninsula. Today Spain is home to some of the greatest surviving examples of Moorish Architecture. Learning Objectives Identify the influences and the specific attributes of… Feb 10, 2023 · Exploring the History of Islamic Architecture Traditionally, the Islamic world encompassed a vast geographical territory stretching from Europe and Western Africa to eastern Asia. Certain commonalities are shared by Islamic architectural styles across all these See full list on britannica. Oct 1, 2001 · The term Islamic art not only describes the art created specifically in the service of the Muslim faith (for example, a mosque and its furnishings) but also characterizes the art and architecture historically produced in the lands ruled by Muslims, produced for Muslim patrons, or created by Muslim artists. The principal Islamic architectural types are: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace, the Fort, the School, and urban buildings. It began in the 600s, when Islam spread out from the Arabian Peninsula. Alhambra, Spain 2. The architecture of a mosque is shaped most strongly by the regional traditions of the time and place where it was built. Originating in Mecca and Medina in the Arabian peninsula in 622, it grew to extend from Central Asia into the Indian subcontinent and across northern Africa to Morocco and Iberia. The remains of a hall with stalactite vaults A mashrabiya or mashrabiyya (Arabic: مشربية) is an architectural element which is characteristic of traditional architecture in the Islamic world and beyond. It’s Nov 18, 2022 · Mudéjar architecture uses most of the characteristic elements of Islamic art and architecture, including Arabic calligraphy and the horseshoe arch. “During the period from 1400 to 1600 A. Its awe-inspiring structures achieve architectural perfection that has endured for centuries. The Islamic Golden Age was a period of scientific, economic, and cultural flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century. The Islamic world encompasses a wide geographic area historically ranging from western Africa and Europe to eastern Asia. Stretching from Western Europe to the Asian lands of the Far East, the area is home to some of the world's most remarkable Islamic architecture and heritage sites. “Mudéjar” refers to Islamic-style art and architecture executed after the Christian conquest. Jan 15, 2025 · One of the most prominent manifestations of Arab culture in Spain is its architecture, which reflects the complexity and creativity of Al-Andalus. In the Middle East, many classical Greek texts, especially the works of Aristotle, were translated into Syriac during the 6th and 7th centuries by Nestorian, Melkite or Jacobite monks living in Palestine, or by Greek exiles from Athens or Edessa who visited Islamic centres of higher learning. East architecture in oasis panorama illustration. Modern Comparing traditional and modern Arabian architecture reveals a fascinating dialogue between the past and present. [1][2][3] This period is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 to 809) with the inauguration of the House of Wisdom, which saw scholars from all over the Muslim Answer: Arabic architecture pertains to architectural styles from the Arab world, while Islamic architecture is broader, encompassing architectural styles in uenced by Islamic principles and aesthetics globally, regardless of cultural or ethnic background. Islamic architecture comprises the architectural styles of buildings associated with Islam. Kasbah of the Udayas in Rabat, Morocco (late 12th century, with later additions) This article reviews the history of military architecture in the Maghreb (North Africa) under Islamic rule from the 7th century onward. An example of this form is found in the zone of transition of the muqamas dome of the Turba of al-Shaikh ‘Umar al-Suhrawardi in Baghdad, datable before 1225 as illustrated by Al-Janabi in Plate 91. Both the Christian and Islamic civilizations underwent great transformations and internal struggles during these years. Islamic Architecture in Spain. The tomb chamber, almost square in plan, has an interior zone of transition consisting of Amarah Palace, Najran, Aba Al Saud Historical Area, Saudi Arabia Amarah or Emara Palace is a daub castle located in the central ancient city in Najran. Its balance of simple appropriate construction, environmental control and social and familial structures continues to engage architects and architectural historians. Nov 17, 2020 · Traditional Arabic houses shared a subtle beauty. The UNESCO recognized their expertise and tourists rush to visit Arabic monuments in Spain every year. For many, the Muslim world in the medieval period (900–1300) means the crusades. This cross-fertilization of cultures had an impact on society, religion and culture. Iranian architecture or Persian architecture (Persian: معمارى ایرانی, romanized: Me'māri-e Irāni) is the architecture of Iran and parts of the rest of West Asia, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Oct 30, 2020 · Drawing on ideas and styles passed from vibrant Middle East trading cities into the West, the architectural heritage of Europe — and America — owes an important debt to the Arab and Islamic world. The early domes of the Middle Ages, particularly in those areas recently under Byzantine control, were an extension of earlier Roman architecture. Jul 28, 2023 · Christians gradually wrested political control of medieval Spain from the Muslims, but the cultural impacts of al-Andalus remain. The city is surrounded by towering sand dunes under the Moorish architecture is a unique and awe-inspiring style that originated in Al-Andalus, the Islamic Spain of the Middle Ages. In Spain, Islamic architecture is part of a larger movement that flourished in the Western Mediterranean area, leaving architectural marvels in modern Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, and Algeria. [1] However, qasr is a widely used Arabic word for palace, castle or fortress, so only a few of the buildings called quṣur are "desert castles". In addition to Arab states—like Algeria, Egypt, and Iraq—Islamic architecture is also prevalent in European regions with Moorish roots, including parts of Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Malta. Apr 11, 2016 · Al-Janabi, Tariq Jawad, Studies in Medieval Iraqi Architecture (Baghdad, 1982), p. Search among 10,352 authentic medieval arabian architecture stock photos, high-definition images, and pictures, or look at other arab architecture or urban details stock images to enhance your presentation with the perfect visual. The Story of Islamic Architecture: History and Transformation Emerging in the 7th century, this style evolved by weaving together influences from Arabia, Persia, Byzantium, and beyond. Muslim architecture styles share common features across all of these locations, but over time, various areas established their own styles based on regional techniques and materials, local royal families and customers Dec 19, 2022 · Islamic architecture is a centuries-old building tradition rooted in the principles of Islam that spread from the Middle East to the rest of the world. Jan 10, 2025 · It’s well-known that Sicily, ruled for centuries by Arab Muslims and then Normans, boasts an extraordinary legacy of medieval Arab-Norman architecture. Established by the Fatimids in the 10th century, it evolved into one of the most influential cities in the Islamic world, leaving an enduring impact on architecture and urban development. Aug 11, 2025 · Islamic architecture emerged in the 7th century CE with the construction of Masjid Quba in Medina, Saudi Arabia, the first mosque commissioned by the Prophet Muhammad. Islamic Cairo’s story spans over a thousand years, showcasing its growth as a center of Islamic culture, trade, and architecture. They constructed palaces for the monarchy, mosques for caliphs, and castles for people. Her extensive research, covering hundreds of buildings across Europe, North Africa and the Middle East led her to propose replacing the IMAGE: Peralada Castle in Spain featuring medieval stone towers, lush gardens, and historic architectural elements. More than just buildings, these masterpieces reflect ancient cultures, deeply devoted to religion and the preservation of traditions. Mar 10, 2025 · (REVIEW) Researcher and author Diana Darke argues that the connections between Islamic and Christian cultures during the medieval period were stronger than commonly believed. The Dome of the Rock, an Umayyad Muslim religious shrine Moorish architecture[a] is a style within Islamic architecture that developed in the western Islamic world, including al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula) and what is now Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia (part of the Maghreb). See also: Conquest and Conversion in Medieval Muslim Sicily September 28, 2017 A talk by Alex Metcalfe, Senior Lecturer, Department of History, Lancaster University, UK. ” Jul 16, 2023 · Discover the beauty and significance of Islamic architecture and its global impact, with a focus on its history, features, and cultural influence. From Fabled Palaces to Ancient Medinas, a Journey Through Spain’s Islamic History Amid snowcapped mountains, sandy dunes, a wild seacoast and more, the legacy of the country’s Moorish past can Jan 8, 2024 · Islamic architecture in Spain is renowned for its stunning beauty and historical significance. It blended innovation and beauty 3D Arab Architecture models download , free Arab Architecture 3d models and 3d objects for 3d visualization, 3d modeling, animation and 3d games, AR, VR, 3d rendering and any other field related to 3D design. A fortified structure of irregular shape, it is situated on a hill, which in medieval sources was known as Sabikah. Apr 15, 2021 · One look at a mosque or an Islamic palace and you can immediately recognize its geometric and intertwined patterns, the intricate Arabic calligraphy and the arabesque tracery. Medieval authors mention hammam s alongside mosques, madrasas (schools), and gardens in their descriptions of beautiful and prosperous cities. Architecture and art are inextricably linked in Islamic culture. It is a good example of the traditional architecture of the region. The influence of Islamic art and architecture is evident in many of Spain’s most iconic buildings, and the fusion of Christian and Islamic styles has created a unique architectural tradition that is truly one of a kind. Traditional architecture emphasizes sustainability and an intimate connection with the environment. Arabic inscription at the top of the outer wall. Islamic architecture finds its highest expression in religious buildings such as the mosque and madrasah. Comprehensive Guide: The Sep 11, 2020 · The innovative nature of Araband Islamic architecture is clear through the unique structures and design of buildings dominant from the 7th century and . Its strategic position east of the Dead Sea gave him power to control important trade routes. Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day. E. In fact, if you are invited to someone’s home, it means they value you very much. Learn all about Spain's exotic Islamic Architecture in What Spain: your in-depth Spain travel guide full of original content and accurate, up-to-date information. This is evident in Andalusia. Many see it as heavy, cold, or purely practical—but that misses the point. From 711 to 1492, the Arab culture has left its mark through dance, food, and Islamic architecture. As it is not only a religion but a way of life, Islam fostered the development of a Jun 1, 2021 · The Cordoba Mosque and Cathedral facade. Musallam al Sabuth of Muhibbulla Bihari and Fathul Muin of Sheikh Zainudheen were early works on Muslim jurisprudence written in India. Aug 1, 2015 · The castle, which dates back to 1140 AD, was the center of Crusader Lord Pagan's rule. The east-west trade and annual pilgrimage continue to be important. 12th-century Romanesque nave of Durham Cathedral with rib vaulting. The importance of Moorish art lies in using elements from various traditions to create distinct styles. Jan 11, 2025 · It’s well-known that Sicily, ruled for centuries by Arab Muslims and then Normans, boasts an extraordinary legacy of medieval Arab-Norman architecture. It is inevitable that the history of art and architecture in Egypt becomes linked to the political, social, economic, cultural and spiritual history of other countries. Jul 18, 2024 · Islamic architecture is an ancient style found primarily in Arab states, Muslim-majority countries, and European countries with Arab or Islamic histories, such as Spain and Portugal. May 14, 2024 · The second half of the 7th century marked the beginning of the Arabic civilization in Al Andalus (Spain). e. This paper will highlight the Aug 19, 2023 · Arab scholars and Arabic books flowed to India during the rule of Mughals and Muslim Amirs. In the Islamic world, dynasties Tracing Arab Influence in Western Architecture: Key Examples The profound influence of Arab culture on Western architecture goes beyond aesthetics, encompassing innovations in engineering, design principles, and spatial organization. Second, the art forms and objects prized in the Islamic world do not correspond to those traditionally valued by art historians and collectors in the Western world. However the palace includes all the features of Islamic architecture This aim is discover the features in Islamic architecture in Syria during the Ottoman era by using historical and descriptive method to understand how the environment, location and background of owners influence in architectural of Syrian palaces. After the breakdown of the Abbasid Empire in the 9th–10th century C. In the fifteenth century, architects began to favour classical forms again, in the Renaissance style, marking the end of the medieval period 20 Things Islamic Architecture Always Gets Right How Islamic Architecture Grew and Spread 20 Defining Characteristics of Islamic Architecture What Makes Islamic Architecture Unique Moorish Architecture Characteristics How Islamic Architecture Gets Built Key Strategies Real Islamic Architecture You Should Actually Know 1. Although Mecca and Medina are initially tied to Mamluk Cairo, Ottoman power is recognized in the early sixteenth century. Kids and students learn about the Architecture of the Islamic Empire including minarets, mosques, arches, domes, palaces, tombs, gardens, courtyards, and decorations. Jun 11, 2022 · For almost 8 centuries, Muslims occupied Spain. The Moors, primarily of Berber and Arab descent, brought with them a rich architectural tradition rooted in Islamic principles and aesthetics. This style was influenced by earlier Islamic architecture, including the architectural forms of Sep 4, 2024 · Discover these top 10 stunning and iconic examples of Islamic Architecture in Spain shaped by centuries of influence. Its genius lies in harmonizing form, function, and meaning—creating spaces that don’t just look stunning but also feel purposeful and deeply connected to their cultural roots. The pre-Islāmic history of the great Arabian subcontinent is primarily that of a nomadic people. It showcases the rich artistic and cultural legacy of Al-Andalus. It encompasses both secular and religious styles from the early history of Islam to the present day. Sep 21, 2021 · Experience the history and culture of medieval Spain with our guide to Cordoba's Great Mosque. The emphasis on courtyard in Islamic architecture gave it the name of the "architecture of the veil Arabian Islamic Architecture: Examine the architectural heritage of the Arabian Peninsula, characterized by the use of local materials like mud brick and coral stone, and the development of distinct regional styles influenced by Bedouin, Persian, and Ottoman traditions. There are insufficient extant buildings to determine the ship of the two forms, although the mausoleum of Arab-'Ata at first dated appearance of the tri-lobed shouldered arch used in The Contrast: Traditional vs. Dating all the way back to the 7th and 8th century, Islamic architecture’s influence is unmistakable from East to West. Islamic architecture is known to be associated with the Arab world because of its […] Jan 2, 2024 · Mudejar architecture is characterized by its intricate ornamentation, the use of brick and tile, and the incorporation of Islamic architectural elements into Christian buildings. My discussion of the socioeconomic place of Islam Norman–Arab–Byzantine art and architecture combined Occidental features (such as the Classical pillars and friezes) with typical Arabic decorations and calligraphy, following the Norman conquest of the former Emirate of Sicily and North Africa. Buildings that align with light, airflow, and belief systems? They figured it out a thousand years ago. Islamic art encompasses visual arts produced from the seventh century onwards by culturally Islamic populations. [1][2] It is a type of projecting oriel window enclosed with carved wood latticework located on the upper floors of a building, sometimes enhanced with stained glass. The paper discusses the evolution of Islamic architecture in medieval Anatolia between 1150 and 1450, a period marked by significant political shifts following the decline of Byzantine power. Nov 30, 2020 · Moorish architecture is an important building style that reached its golden age during the medieval period. What is a mihrab? Inside the prayer room was a mihrab, a niche or hole in the wall which showed the direction of Origins and Influences: Islamic Moorish architecture in Spain emerged during the Umayyad Caliphate's expansion into the Iberian Peninsula in the 8th century. This era wasn’t just about function. The main problem of the theory in the arena of islamic architecture is affected by some of its Western thoughts, and stereotyping the islamic architecture according to Western thoughts; this leads to the breakdown of the foundations in the islamic architecture. Learn more about the history and features of Islamic architecture below. Here's a deep dive into the key elements Western architects borrowed from Islamic traditions, with real-world examples that highlight this cultural exchange. Oct 22, 2025 · Islamic architecture, building traditions of Muslim populations of the Middle East and elsewhere from the 7th century on. In the period referred to as “medieval,” based on chronologies that were created to study the history and art history of western Europe, the Islamic world stretched from Europe and Africa to China. . What kind of Islamic architectural patterns exists in A medieval Arabic representation of Aristotle teaching a student. , the Islamic world was led by a diverse set of rulers adhering to different strands of Islam and speaking different Apr 8, 2024 · A sprawling medieval city nestled in the heart of the Arabian desert. As a result, style, layout, and decoration can vary greatly. Across the Arab world and in regions influenced by Islam Architecture in Sicily, a cultural heritage to be discovered: from Magna Graecia to Arab-Norman style, from Baroque to Art Nouveau. Towering minarets, smooth domes, pointed arches and detailed mosaics weave the gold thread of familiarity from East to West in this global collection of Islamic-inspired architecture. This bibliography covers Islamic architecture up to the year 1500, starting in the formative period in the Middle East where Islam began and then progressing from For many, the Muslim world in the medieval period (900–1300) means the crusades. Traditional Arabian architecture is evident, with flat-roofed houses and ornate carvings. Pointed arches? Borrowed. Predominant features include fortified stone walls, tall minarets, delicately crafted domes, and labyrinthine market streets full of vibrant colors and captivating aromas. La Cuba was built by William II in 1180, and is an imitation of the Zisa palace. Early Islamic religious architecture, exemplified by Jerusalem’s Dome The qa'a (Arabic: قاعة, romanized: qāʿa) is a roofed reception room found in the domestic architecture of affluent residences of the Islamic world. Medieval architecture was the art and science of designing and constructing buildings in the Middle Ages. The castle's architecture is formed of a unique combination of European, Byzantine and Arab design. Nevertheless, because of the common function of the mosque as a place of congregational prayer, certain architectural features appear in mosques all over the world. Islamic architecture had become so pervasive that non-Muslims began borrowing from it for their own religious structures. Islamic art showed the status of the caliph, and huge sums were spent on its production. 231 Google Scholar. Courtyards that cool themselves? Already done. Builders had to figure out how to make spaces for prayer Medieval Architecture Array As may be seen in the typical, cube-shaped houses that survive from medieval times to the present day, Malta’s medieval architecture was set by climate and lifestyle as well as Sicilian and Arab influences. Mar 9, 2010 · The courtyard house is one of the most enduring architectural forms, transcending regional, historical and cultural boundaries. Structures for people, made to last, and made for the places they were in. , the Arabian Peninsula witnesses fragmented rule and struggle for control over the Holy Cities of Islam. The Islamic world then kept Dec 29, 2014 · There are a number of competing and complementary analytic keys to understanding the architecture and institutions of the late medieval Islamic city. By highlighting the unique style of Mudejar architecture, we can appreciate the cultural exchange and coexistence between Muslims and Christians in medieval Europe. La Cuba Gull on top of the Norman Palace La Cuba. Annual pilgrimage as well as east-west trade continue to be essential for the region. Touching endless corners of the world, it slowly […] Learn about Islamic architecture: Architectural wonders that reflect the rich cultural and spiritual heritage of the Arab world. A number of Arab books, mostly on practices of Islam and Sufism were compiled during this period. Still, most important medieval mosques had a large open courtyard when you first came in, and then an inner prayer room. ” It started as a way to build things that worked. The major styles of the period included pre-Romanesque, Romanesque, and Gothic. While local traditions of art and Jul 23, 2017 · The architecture of an Islamic mosque The architecture of mosques depends on where you are and when the mosque was built, and there are many different styles. Even modern Spanish buildings continue Jan 26, 2023 · Islamic architecture refers to a style of architecture designed for Muslims to express their beliefs. Medieval Architecture: A Comprehensive Guide to History, Styles, and Legacy (Updated) Medieval architecture is often misunderstood. They hold a high value. The domed chu As it developed, therefore, Islamic architecture shared many of the forms and structural concerns of Byzantine, medieval, and Renaissance architecture. Key elements include geometric designs, pointed arches, domes, and decorative artwork, such as calligraphy. Jan 12, 2023 · Introduction The premodern Islamic world was vast. com Explore the fascinating world of medieval architecture, including styles, history, design principles, and the influence of Arab Muslim architecture in our comprehensive 2025 guide. In the Islamic world, dynasties Sep 7, 2025 · A journey through the captivating world of Medieval Islamic Architecture, exploring its key features, influences, and iconic examples. The work Dec 2, 2021 · The Arabic culture is quite a modest one and needs to have that privacy especially for the care-givers i. By the second half of the 20th century, traces of their art and architecture had been found only in the long-settled agrarian What is Islamic architecture? This architectural tradition is predominantly found in two types of places: Muslim-majority countries and lands conquered by Muslims during the Middle Ages. Arab style is distinguished by the use of complicated geometric patterns, horseshoe arches, and rich calligraphy, which can be found in many notable structures around Spain. Dark old arabian building in Egypt town. women. The castle was built from daub (mud & straw) with its foundations built of stones. It was occupied by Islamic rulers who influenced the region and gave birth to a concept that modern-day architects build on and teach. Not to mention, homes are extremely important in the Arab countries. It explores how the dynamics of Turkic Muslim immigration and the presence of native Christian populations contributed to a diverse religious landscape that influenced architectural practices. Learn about the key elements, history, & modern examples The Full Story of Islamic Architecture: Styles, History, and Masterpieces Here’s the truth: Islamic architecture built half the world—and barely gets credit for it. For all these types of constructions What Started It, Where It Went, and Why It Still Works Islamic architecture didn’t begin as a “style. It is composed of 65 rooms and housed the local governor and his deputy and personal Did you know that Arabic was for centuries the lingua franca in an area stretching from the south of Spain to the Chinese border? And that the Middle East under Muslim rule was the world’s beating heart of trade, but also of science and scholarship? Oct 1, 2012 · By the medieval period, public baths had become an important part of community life, and the quality and number of baths counted among any city’s most admired attributes. The plan of a qa'a may be inspired by the four-iwan plan (cruciform) of religious buildings. Soldiers and relief workers who The shape became established in religious architecture primarily tri-lobed squinch form, but often occurs side by side with the arch. Mosques, homes, schools, markets. Tragically, the Middle East has also suffered political unrest, war, and religious conflict. Art and architecture are influenced by examples set in Baghdad and Cairo. Influenced by Islamic architecture and local traditions, Moorish architectural designs are known for their intricate details, ornate arches, and the use of geometric patterns. “From 1000 to 1400, the Arabian Peninsula is under fragmented rule, with Sunni and Shi‘i dynasties competing for control, especially of Mecca and Medina, until the Sunni gain the upper hand in the second half of the period. The influence of Islamic and Arab culture and architecture was so pervasive that Egyptian cities and towns became pioneers, leading Muslims and countries in many ages. Apr 15, 2024 · Islamic architecture stands as one of the most breathtaking displays of beauty, grandeur, and craftsmanship. While this era was marked, in part, by military struggle, it is also overwhelmingly a period of peaceable exchanges of goods and ideas between West and East. The word ‘Alhambra’ is an abbreviation of the Arabic Qal’at al-Hamra meaning ‘the red fort’, possibly because of the red clay of the surrounding terrain. te87c uo0wp mkg ezjg kaq oiyt wk4ufky4 p96g xcn bb9stl